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Gems & Gemstones Directory – Reference, Links, Resources
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Content derived from Wikipedia article on Gemstone
Gemstone From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search
A selection of gemstone pebbles made by tumbling rough rock with abrasive grit, in a rotating drum. The biggest pebble here is 40 mm long (1.6 inches).This article is about gemstones as jewelry or decorative art. For other uses of the word see gemstone (disambiguation). A gemstone is a mineral, rock (such in the case of lapis lazuli), or petrified material that when cut or faceted and polished is collectible or can be used in jewelry. Others are organic (such as amber, which is fossilised tree resin, and jet, a form of coal). Some gemstones which may be generally considered precious or beautiful are too soft or too fragile to be used in jewelry (for example, single-crystal rhodochrosite) but are exhibited in museums and are sought by collectors.
Contents
1 Characteristics and classification 2 Value 3 Treatments applied to gemstones 3.1 Heat 3.2 Radiation 3.3 Waxing/Oiling 3.4 Coatings 4 Factors influencing esteem 5 Synthetic and artificial gemstones 6 Gemstone list 7 See Also 8 External links
Characteristics and classification Gemstones are described by gemologists using technical specifications. First, what is it made of, or its chemical composition. Diamonds for example are made of carbon (C), rubies of aluminium oxide (Al2O3). Next, many gems are crystals which are classified by crystal system such as cubic or trigonal or monoclinic. Another term used is habit, the form the gem is usually found in. For example diamonds, which have a cubic crystal system, are often found as octahedrons.
Gems are classified into different groups, species, and varieties. For example, ruby is the red variety of the species corundum, while any other color of corundum is considered sapphire. Emerald (green), aquamarine (blue), bixbite (red), goshenite (colorless), heliodor (yellow), and morganite (pink) are all varieties of the mineral species beryl.
Gems have refractive index, dispersion, specific gravity, hardness, cleavage, fracture, and lustre. They may exhibit pleochroism or double refraction. They may have luminescence and a distinctive absorption spectrum.
Material or flaws within a stone may be present as inclusions. The gem may occur in certain locations, called the "occurrence."
Value
Jewelry made with gem amberA gemstone is prized especially for great beauty or perfection so appearance is almost always the most important attribute of gemstones. Characteristics that make a stone beautiful or desirable are colour, unusual optical phenomena within the stone, an interesting inclusion such as a fossil, rarity, and sometimes the form of the natural crystal. Diamond is prized highly as a gemstone since it is the hardest naturally occurring substance known and is able to reflect light with fire and sparkle when faceted. However, diamonds are far from rare with millions of carats mined each year.
Traditionally, common gemstones were classified into precious stones (cardinal gems) and semi-precious stones. The former category was largely determined by a history of ecclesiastical, devotional or ceremonial use and rarity. Only five types of gemstones were considered precious: diamond, ruby, sapphire, emerald, and amethyst. In current usage by gemologists, all gems are considered precious, although four of the five original "cardinal gems" (excluding the now-common amethyst) are usually—but not always—the most valuable.
Rare or unusual gemstones, generally meant to include those gemstones which occur so infrequently in gem quality that they are scarcely known except to connoisseurs, include andalusite, axinite, cassiterite, clinohumite and iolite.
Treatments applied to gemstones
Treble clef with gemstonesGemstones are often treated to enhance the color or clarity of the stone. Depending on the type and extent of treatment, they can affect the value of the stone. Some treatments are used widely and accepted in practice while others are not accepted.
Heat When heated, yellow and white topaz turn differing shades of pink or green.
Radiation Most blue topaz, especially the darker blues such as "London" blue, has been irradiated to change the color from white to blue.
Waxing/Oiling Emeralds contain natural fissures that are sometimes filled with wax or oil to disguise them. This wax or oil is also colored to make the emerald appear of better color as well as clarity.
Coatings More recently, some gemstones have been enhanced with a coating that changes the color and appearance of the gem. For instance, topaz is sometimes treated with a layer of titanium dioxide that changes the color to golden with some iridescence. This coating is not permanent and can be damaged by scratching.
Factors influencing esteem Factors influencing the esteem in which gems are held are attractiveness, durability, rarity, fashion, light reflection and size.
Synthetic and artificial gemstones Some gemstones are manufactured to imitate other gemstones. For example, cubic zirconia is a synthetic diamond simulant composed of zirconium oxide. The imitations copy the look and colour of the real stone but possess neither their chemical nor physical characteristics. However, true synthetic gemstones are not necessarily imitation. For example, diamonds, ruby, sapphires and emeralds have been manufactured in labs, which possess very nearly identical chemical and physical characteristics to the genuine article. Synthetic corundums, including ruby and sapphire, are very common and they cost only a fraction of the natural stones. Smaller synthetic diamonds have been manufactured in large quantities as industrial abrasives for many years. Only recently, larger synthetic diamonds of gemstone quality, especially of the coloured variety, have been manufactured.
Gemstone list There are over 130 species of minerals that have been cut into gems with 50 species in common use. These include:
Agate Alexandrite and other varieties of chrysoberyl Amethyst (originally a "cardinal gem", but now no longer so, since huge quantities were discovered in Brazil and the price plummeted) Aquamarine and other varieties of beryl Chrysocolla Chrysoprase Diamond Emerald Feldspar (moonstone) Garnet Hematite Jade - jadeite and nephrite Jasper Kunzite Lapis lazuli Malachite Obsidian Olivine (Peridot) Opal (Girasol) Pyrite Quartz and its varieties, such as tiger's-eye, citrine, agate, and amethyst Ruby Sapphire Spinel Sugilite Tanzanite and other varieties of zoisite Topaz Turquoise Tourmaline Zircon Minerals that infrequently occur in gem quality form:
Andalusite Axinite Benitoite Bixbite (Red beryl) Cassiterite Clinohumite Iolite Kornerupine Natural moissanite Zeolite (Thomsonite) Artificial or synthetic materials used as gems include:
High-lead glass Synthetic cubic zirconia Synthetic corundum Synthetic spinel Synthetic moissanite There are a number of organic materials used as gems, including:
Amber Bone Coral Ivory Jet (lignite) Mother of pearl Ammolite - from fossils formed from the shells of extinct ammonites. Pearl
See Also List of fictional gemstones
External links Gemological Institute of America George Frederick Kunz: Gems and Precious stones of North America Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstone
End of Wikipedia content, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstone
Topics Under Wikipedia category for Gemstone
Category:Gemstones From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Subcategories There are 4 subcategories to this category shown below (more may be shown on subsequent pages).
D [+] Diamond N [+] Named gemstones P [+] Pearls Q [+] Quartz varieties Pages in category "Gemstones" There are 120 pages in this section of this category.
Gemstone List Of Gemstones A Amber American Gem Society Amethyst Ametrine Ammolite Anyolite Apache tears Aqua aura Aquamarine Artificial gem Asterism (gemmology) Aventurine B Batrachite Benitoite Beryl Bisbee Blue Bixbite Brilliant Earth C Cabochon Cairngorm Callaïs Carnelian beads Charoite Chelsea filter Chlorastrolite Chrysoberyl Chrysoprase Citrine Clinohumite Coral Cubic zirconia Culet Cut (gems) D Datolite Demantoid Diamond simulant Dioptase Doublet (lapidary) D cont. Dumortierite Dzi bead E Emerald Eudialyte F Facet List of fictional gemstones Fire Agate Freshwater pearl G Garnet Gemological Institute of America Gemology Gems & Gemology Gems of Sri Lanka Golden beryl Goldstone (gemstone) Grossular H Helenite Humite J Jacinth Jade Jasper Opal Jet (lignite) K Kyanite L Lapis armenus Lapis lazuli Larimar M Magatama Mandarin garnet Marlborough gems Moldavite Morganite O Obsidian Onyx Opal Orbicular jasper P Padparadscha Painite Pearl Pectolite Peridot Petoskey stone P cont. Pezzottaite Pietersite Pounamu Prasiolite R Rose quartz Ruby S Sapphire Sapphirine Saussurite Scheelite Silicon carbide Sodalite Spectrolite Sphalerite Spinel Spodumene Star garnet Strontium titanate Sugilite Sunstone T Tanzanite Thai gem scam Thulite Thunderegg Tiger's eye Titanite Topaz Tourmalike Tourmaline Trilliant cut Tsavorite Tumble polishing Turquoise U Umba sapphire V Verneuil process Vesuvianite X Xenotime Y Yttrium aluminium garnet Z Zircon
End of Wikipedia content, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Gemstones
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Bahrain – Manama (Manamah)
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Israel - Jerusalem, Tel Aviv - Yafo, Be'er Sheva, Ashqelon, Haifa
Kuwait - as-Salimiyah (Salmiya), Jalib as-Suyuh, Kuwait City
Lebanon – Beirut, Tripoli, Sayda, Sur
Saudi Arabia – Riyadh, Jiddah, Mecca, Medinah (Medina), ad-Dammam, at-Taif, Tabuk, Buraydah, al-Hufuf, Khamis Mushayt, Hail, Kharj, Jubail, Hafar-al-Batin, Yanbu, Abha, Araar, al-Hawiyah, Unayzah, Najran
Turkey – Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, Bursa, Adana, Gaziantep, Konya, Antalya, Diyarbakir, Mersin, Kayseri, Eskisehir, Urfa, Malatya, Samsun, Kahramanmaras, Erzurum, Elazig, Denizli, Sivas, Van, Batman, Adiyaman, Kirrikkale, Manisa, Izmit, Tarsus, Balikesir
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Jordan – Amman, Irbid
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Libya – Tripoli, Benghazi, Homs, Misratah, Zawiyah, Barqa, Zlitan, Garyan, Tobruk, Yafran, al-Bayda, Tarhuna, Darnah
Yemen - Sana’a, Eden, Taizz, Hudaydah, Mukalla, Ibb, Dhamar
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Regions: ?? Scandinavia/Scandinavian, Nordiska/Nordic, Mediterranean, Japanese, Australian, Asian, American, European, African, Middle East, Latin America/Latin American, South East Asian, Asia Pacific, Austrian, Brazilian, Canadian, Chinese, Dane, Danish, Egyptian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Indian, Irish, Israeli, Italian, South Korean, Malaysian, Mexican, Dutch, Norwegian, Philippine, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Saudi Arabian, Singaporean, South African, Swiss, Taiwanese, British/English, Thai, Turkish, Argentinian, Belgian, Hungarian
List 1 - bespoke, budget, companies, consult, consultant, consultants, consulting, directory, distribution, outsourcing
List 2 - 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 100, 1000, advice, advise, association, associations, available, b2b, b2c, benchmarking, benefits, classification, classifications, collection, collections, company, cost, costing, costs, definition, definitions, description, descriptions, design, designs, dictionary, different, do, dollar, expert, expertise, experts, find, finder, forums, get, global, guide, guides, important, info, information, international, internet, knowledge, library, link, links, list, listing, looking, magazine, magazines, mail, manual, manuals, new, news, organisation, organization, price, prices, pricing, problem, problems, reference, report, reports, source, sourcing, specialist, specialists, theory, tips, top, top 10, top 25, top 50, top 100, top 5, trend, trends, type, update, updates, useful, user, users, uses, using, various, want, web, work, working, works
List 3 - about, advisor, article, availability, benchmark, benchmarks, best, black, blue, book, brand, brochure, brochures, budgets, cheap, cheapest, customised, customized, data, dealer, dealers, delivery, dictionaries, difference, distributor, distributors, estimate, estimates, firm, firms, good, great, green, help, how, how much, institute, institutes, jobs, know, latest, low-cost, margin, margins, production, trade, trading, type
List 4 - b2c, b2e, cut, cutting, display, displays, Nordic, store, stores
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