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Topaz Directory – Topaz Gem Reference, Links, Resources
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Alexandrite, Topaz, Peridot
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Topaz Directory – Topaz Gem Reference, Links, Resources
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Content derived from Wikipedia article on Topaz
Topaz From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Topaz Colorless topaz, Minas Gerais, BrazilTopaz is a mineral, a nesosilicate of aluminium and fluorine with the chemical formula Al2SiO4(F,OH)2. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic system and its crystals are mostly prismatic terminated by pyramidal and other faces, the basal pinacoid often being present. It has an easy and perfect basal cleavage and so gemstones or other fine specimens should be handled with care to avoid developing cleavage flaws. The fracture is conchoidal to uneven. Topaz has a hardness of 8, a specific gravity of 3.4-3.6, and a vitreous luster. Pure topaz is transparent but is usually tinted by impurities; typical topaz is wine or straw-yellow. They may also be white, gray, green, blue, pink or reddish-yellow and transparent or translucent. When heated, yellow topaz often becomes reddish-pink. It can also be irradiated, turning the stone a light and distinctive shade of blue. A recent trend in jewelry is the manufacture of topaz specimens that display iridescent colors, by applying a thin layer of titanium oxide via physical vapor deposition.
Topaz is commonly associated with silicic igneous rocks of the granite and rhyolite type. It typically crystallizes in granitic pegmatites or in vapor cavities in rhyolite lava flows like those at Topaz Mountain in western Utah. It may be found with fluorite and cassiterite. It can be found in the Ural and Ilmen mountains, Czech Republic, Germany, Norway, Italy, Sweden, Japan, Brazil, Mexico, and the United States.
The biggest topaz crystal ever found - named "El Dorado" - was found in Brazil in 1984. It weighs 6.2 kg and belongs to the British Royal Collection.
Etymology and historical and mythical usage The name "topaz" is derived from the Greek topazos, "to seek ," which was the name of an island in the Red Sea that was difficult to find and from which a yellow stone (now believed to be a yellowish olivine) was mined in ancient times. In the Middle Ages the name topaz was used to refer to any yellow gemstone, but now the name is only properly applied to the silicate described above.
According to Rebbenu Bachya, the word "Leshem" in the verse Exodus 28:19 means "Topaz" and was the stone on the Ephod representing the tribe of Dan.
Yellow topaz is the traditional November birthstone
References Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Topaz Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, Manual of Mineralogy, 20th ed., ISBN 0-471-80580-7 Webmineral Mindat with location data Mineral galleries Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topaz" Categories: Gemstones | Aluminium minerals | Nesosilicates
End of Wikipedia content
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Europe
Luxembourg - Luxembourg City, Belgium – Brussels (Brussel), Antwerp (Antwerpen), Ghent (Gent, Gand), Charleroi, Liège (Liege), Austria - Vienna (Wien), Graz, Linz, Salzburg, Innsbruck, Netherlands - Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Utrecht, Eindhoven, Tilburg, ‘s-Gravenhage (sGravenhage), Groningen, France - Paris, Marseille, Lyon, Toulouse, Nice, Nantes, Strasbourg, Montpellier, Bordeaux, Germany - Berlin, Hamburg, Munich (München), Cologne (Köln), Frankfurt (Frankfurt am Main), Essen, Dortmund, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf, Bremen, Duisburg, Hannover, Nürnberg (Nuremberg), Dresden, Leipzig
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UK Main Divisions of the UK – England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, Wales Top cities in the UK: London, Birmingham, Glasgow, Liverpool, Sheffield, Leeds, Bristol, Manchester, Edinburgh, Leicester, Kingston upon Hull, Coventry, Bradford, Cardiff, Nottingham, Stoke-on-Trent, Wolverhampton, Belfast, Plymouth, Derby, Reading, Southampton, Aberdeen, Newcastle upon Tyne, Preston, Sunderland, Luton, Portsmouth, Norwich, Swansea, Bournemouth, Southend-on-Sea, Swindon, Dundee, Blackpool, Poole, Middlesbrough, Peterborough
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Alabama, (AL) - Birmingham, Huntsville, Mobile, Montgomery, Tuscaloosa, Hoover, Dothan, Decatur, Auburn, Gadsden Alaska, (AK) - Anchorage, Juneau, Fairbanks, Sitka, Ketchikan, Kenai, Kodiak, Bethel, Wasilla, Barrow Arkansas, (AR) - Little Rock, Fort Smith, North Little Rock, Fayetteville, Jonesboro, Pine Bluff, Springdale, Conway, Rogers, Hot Springs Arizona, (AZ) - Phoenix, Tucson, Mesa, Glendale, Scottsdale, Chandler, Tempe, Gilbert, Peoria, Yuma, Flagstaff
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Pennsylvania, (PA) - Allentown, Harrisburg, Lancaster, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Reading, Scranton, York, Erie, Upper Darby Twp, Bethlehem, Lower Merion Twp Rhode Island, (RI) – Providence, Warwick, Cranston, Pawtucket, East Providence, Woonsocket, Coventry, North Providence, Cumberland, West Warwick South Carolina, (SC) - Charleston, Columbia, Greenville, North Charleston, Rock Hill, Mount Pleasant, Spartanburg, Sumter, Hilton Head Island, Florence South Dakota, - Sioux Falls, Rapid City, Aberdeen, Watertown, Brookings, Mitchell, Pierre, Yankton, Huron, Vermillion Tennessee, (TN) - Chattanooga, Knoxville, Memphis, Nashville, Clarksville, Murfreesboro, Jackson, Johnson City, Kingsport, Franklin Texas, (TX) - Austin, Beaumont, Brownsville, Corpus Christi, Dallas, El Paso, Fort Worth, Houston, McAllen, San Antonio, Arlington, Plano, Garland
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Wyoming, - Cheyenne, Casper, Laramie, Gillette, Rock Springs, Sheridan, Green River, Evanston, Riverton, Cody District of Columbia, (DC) - Washington, DC,
Canada Provinces Alberta > Cities: Calgary, Edmonton British Columbia > Cities: Victoria, Vancouver Prince Edward Island Manitoba > Cities: Winnipeg New Brunswick Nova Scotia > Cities: Halifax
Nunavut > Cities: Iqaluit Ontario > Cities: Toronto, Ottawa, Hamilton, London, Kitchener, St. Catharines-Niagara, Windsor Quebec > Cities: Quebec City, Montreal Saskatchewan > Cities: Saskatoon, Regina Territories Newfoundland and Labrador Northwest Territories Yukon Territory
South Korea – Seoul, Pusa, Taegu, Incheon, Taejeon, Kwangju, Seongnam, Ulsan, Pucheon, Suweon, Anyang, Cheonju, Cheongju, Koyang, Ansan, Changweon, Pohang, Masan, Kwangmyeong, Euijeongbu, Chinju, Cheju, Kumi, Mokpo, Iksan, Cheonan, Kunsan, Pyeongtaek, Chuncheon, Weonju, Yeosu, Suncheon, Kangneung, Kyeongju, Chungju, Andong, Poryong, Chechon, Tongyong, Tonghae
Australia – Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, Adelaide, Newcastle, Gold Coast, Canberra, Wollongong, Sunshine Coast, Hobart, Geelong, Townsville, Cairns, Launceston
China – Shanghai, Beijing, Tianjin, Wuhan, Shenyang, Guangzhou, Harbin, Xian, Chongqing, Kowloon, Chengdu, Changchun, Taiyuan, Nanjing, Jinan, Dalian, Qingdao, Lanzhou, Fushun, Zhengzhou, Changsha, Datong, Anshan, Hangzhou, Shijiazhuang, Guiyang, Hong Kong, Jilin, Urumqi, Shenzhen, Nanchang, Fuzhou, Nanning, Xuzhou, Kunming, Tangshan, Luoyang
Indian Cities - Mumbai(Bombay), New Delhi, Kolkata (Kolkatta, Calcutta), Bangalore, Chennai (Madras), Ahmedabad (Ahmadabad), Hyderabad, Pune, Kanpur, Surat, Jaipur, Lucknow, Nagpur, Indore, Bhopal, Ludhiana, Patna, Baroda (Vadodara), Agra, Kalyan-Dombivli, Varanasi, Nasik (Nashik), Meerut (Mirat), Faridabad, Haora (Howrah), Pimpri (Pimprichinchwad), Allahabad, Amritsar, Vishakapatnam (Visakhapatnam, Visakapatnam, Vizag), Rajkot, Jabalpur (Jabalpore), Coimbatore, Madurai, Srinagar, Sholapur (Sholapore), Ranchi, Jodhpur, Gwalior, Vijayawada, Chandigarh, Guwahati (Gauhati, Gawhati), Hubli, Trichy, Trivandrum, Mysore, Navi Mumbai, Jalandar (Jalandhar), Bareilly (Bareli), Kota, Salem, Aligarh, Bhubaneshwar (Bhubaneswar), Moradabad, Gorakhpur
Middle East
Bahrain – Manama (Manamah)
Egypt - Cairo, Alexandria, Giza, Subrah al-Hayma, Port Said, Suez, El Mahalla el Kubra, Tanta, Mansura, Luxor, Asyut, Zagazig, Faiyum, Ismailia, Aswan, Damanhur, El Minya, Beni Suef, Qina, Suhaj, Shibin el Kom, Banha, Kafr el Sheikh, Mallawi, Bilbays, Mit Gamr, El Arish, Jirja, Edfu, Disuq, Bilqas, Idku
Israel - Jerusalem, Tel Aviv - Yafo, Be'er Sheva, Ashqelon, Haifa
Kuwait - as-Salimiyah (Salmiya), Jalib as-Suyuh, Kuwait City
Lebanon – Beirut, Tripoli, Sayda, Sur
Saudi Arabia – Riyadh, Jiddah, Mecca, Medinah (Medina), ad-Dammam, at-Taif, Tabuk, Buraydah, al-Hufuf, Khamis Mushayt, Hail, Kharj, Jubail, Hafar-al-Batin, Yanbu, Abha, Araar, al-Hawiyah, Unayzah, Najran
Turkey – Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, Bursa, Adana, Gaziantep, Konya, Antalya, Diyarbakir, Mersin, Kayseri, Eskisehir, Urfa, Malatya, Samsun, Kahramanmaras, Erzurum, Elazig, Denizli, Sivas, Van, Batman, Adiyaman, Kirrikkale, Manisa, Izmit, Tarsus, Balikesir
United Arab Emirates – Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, Al Ain, Ajman, Ras al Khaymah, Jebel Ali
Jordan – Amman, Irbid
Syria - Aleppo (Halab), Damascus, Homs, Ladhiqiyah, Hamah, Dayr az-Zawr, Rakkah, Hasakah, Qamishly, Tartus
Libya – Tripoli, Benghazi, Homs, Misratah, Zawiyah, Barqa, Zlitan, Garyan, Tobruk, Yafran, al-Bayda, Tarhuna, Darnah
Yemen - Sana’a, Eden, Taizz, Hudaydah, Mukalla, Ibb, Dhamar
Qatar - Doha
Palestine – Gaza, Jerusalem (PAL), Hebron, Jabaliyah, Nablus, Rafah
Oman - Masqat-Matrah, Salalah, Suhar, Ibri, Suwayq
Regions: ?? Scandinavia/Scandinavian, Nordiska/Nordic, Mediterranean, Japanese, Australian, Asian, American, European, African, Middle East, Latin America/Latin American, South East Asian, Asia Pacific, Austrian, Brazilian, Canadian, Chinese, Dane, Danish, Egyptian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Indian, Irish, Israeli, Italian, South Korean, Malaysian, Mexican, Dutch, Norwegian, Philippine, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Saudi Arabian, Singaporean, South African, Swiss, Taiwanese, British/English, Thai, Turkish, Argentinian, Belgian, Hungarian
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